第四講
在現世中的上帝:
六、七十年代的激進神學思維
1. 歐陸的文化復蘇:
a. 美國對西歐的經濟支持, 以對抗東歐的蘇聯集團
b. 東歐的社會主義經濟及蘇聯重工業發展
2. 美國「自我形象」的確立:
a. 東西冷戰對美國工業、國防的刺激
b. 美國在世界護衛民主的責任意識 (韓戰, 越戰)
c. 確立領導西方世界的地位及角色
1927 畢業於Berlin, 論文 Sanctorum Communio
1930 Habilitationschrift : Akt und Sein (Act and Being)
1931 教師, Berlin University
1933 開始攻擊納粹政權;10月往英國任牧師, 從事反納粹宣傳
1935 返回德國, 主持 「認信教會」 (Confessing Church) 的地下神學院
1937 神學院被納粹查封, 出版The Cost of Discipleship
1939 離徳往美國, 但只一個月再返德國, 從事反納粹活動
1943 被捕
1945 被處決
屬靈
➔
世俗
♦ 正確基督教世界觀 =
屬靈
世俗
引申的主要觀念:
= ‘to prove to the world that it is still the world, the world that is loved by God and reconciled with Him.’
= ‘[Christian] must live a “ worldly” life and so participates in the suffering of God… To be a Christian does not mean to be religious in a particular way, to cultivate some particular forms of asceticism... but to be a man… Now that it has come of age, the world is more godless, and perhaps it is for that very reason nearer to God than ever before.’ (Letters, 18 July 1944)
→ ‘religion’ = speculative metaphysic, inward & individualism
(用否定的表達法去透出真基督教是甚麼)
屬靈 ‘ God is dead’ = (i) 現代人已不需要 「神」 的存在
(ii) 既然要將神聖與世俗等同,何需再有神?
世俗 * Altizer, The Gospel of Christian Atheism Incarnation
= a death of God ( 神放棄自己的divine transcendence) 神在十字架上真的死了!
* Hamilton 現代人已不再需要神來解決他的問題 [見與Altizer合
著, Radical Theology and the Death of God ]
* Van Buren, The Secular Meaning of the Gospel
運用語言分析去證明 ‘God exists’ 是 meaningless,
∴ ‘The word “ God ” is dead.’
a. H. Cox, The Secular City ( 美國 )
b. J. A. T. Robinson, Honest of God (英國 )
. “domination” “limited efficacy”
.“dependent” “autonomous”
.“separation” “fusion”
(inter-disciplinary approach to theology)
→ dialectical theism: being – non-being; transcendence – immanence; impassibility – passibility; eternity – temporality
→ “positivism” 與 “empiricism” v.s. “revelation” ? or
“dialectical” (hermeneutical) approach to truth?
4. 從 “dependent” 到 “autonomous” — “ atheism”與 “nihilism” (cf. H. Küng)